Unexploded ordnance contamination and household livelihood choice in rural Vietnam

Vietnam is a country that found itself at the center of Indochina wars and was subjected to most intense aerial bombing in history. However, little research has been done on effect unexploded ordnance (UXO) contamination household livelihoods rural Vietnam. In this paper, we investigate contaminating households. Livelihood choices are classified by cluster analysis techniques, measured district level proportion land risk from bombs mines. We examine UXO livelihood using multinomial logit model, controlling for various important regional characteristics. It households districts with greater were less likely adopt formal wage-earning livelihood, characterized higher income poverty, than they engage an agricultural livelihood. This suggests have had long-running effect, reducing likelihood non-farm diversification, which turn diminishes economic well-being among